Unit 1: Microscopic Examination of Body Fluids and Tissues, Microscopic Examination Techniques, Light Microscopy, Phase Contrast, Polarized Light Microscopy, Examination of Body Fluids, Urine Analysis, Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination, Pleural Fluid Examination, Tissue Microscopy, Cytopathology: Cellular Changes and Abnormalities.
Unit 2: Chromosomal Abnormalities and Karyotyping, Chromosome Structure and Function, Normal Chromosome Morphology, Homologous Pairs, Chromosomal Abnormalities, Numerical Aberrations (Aneuploidy), Structural Aberrations, Karyotyping, Techniques and Analysis of Chromosome Spreads.
Unit 3: Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH), Principles of FISH, DNA Probes and Hybridization, Visualization using Fluorescence, Applications of FISH, Detection of Specific DNA Sequences, Chromosomal Rearrangements, Clinical Uses: Cancer Diagnosis, Genetic Syndromes.
Unit 4: Molecular Cytogenetics and Its Applications, Overview of Molecular Cytogenetics, Combining Molecular Techniques with Cytogenetics, Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH), Analysis of DNA Copy Number Changes in Tumors, Array-based Technologies, Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Arrays
- Teacher: DBFS LMS
Unit 1: Structure and Function of Biomolecules
Proteins, Amino Acids: Structure and Properties, Levels of Protein Structure: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary, Functions: Enzymes, Hormones, Structural Proteins, Transport Proteins. Carbohydrates, Monosaccharides: Glucose, Fructose, Disaccharides: Sucrose, Lactose, Polysaccharides: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose. Lipids, Fatty Acids: Saturated, Unsaturated, Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Steroids, Lipoproteins: LDL, HDL. Nucleic Acids, DNA: Structure, Replication, RNA: Types (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) and Their Functions.
Unit 2: Enzymes and Their Diagnostic Applications, Basics of Enzyme Kinetics, Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity: Temperature, pH, Inhibitors, Clinical Significance of Enzymes: ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, Creatine Kinase, Enzyme Assays in Diagnosis: Heart Attack, Liver Disease, Bone Disease.
Unit 3: Metabolic Pathways and Disorders, Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis, Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation, Lipid Metabolism: Beta-Oxidation, Lipogenesis, Metabolic Disorders: Diabetes Mellitus, Phenylketonuria, Gout.
Unit 4: Analytical Techniques in Clinical Biochemistry, Spectrophotometry: Principles and Clinical Applications, Chromatography: HPLC, Gas Chromatography, Electrophoresis: Gel, Isoelectric Focusing, Immunoassays: ELISA, Western Blot
- Teacher: DBFS LMS
Unit 1: Immune System Components and Functions, Innate Immunity, Physical Barriers, Phagocytosis, Inflammation, Complement System, Adaptive Immunity, B Cells: Antibody Production and Functions, T Cells: Cell-Mediated Immunity, Helper T Cells, Cytotoxic T Cells, Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and Antigen Presentation, Immune Responses: Humoral and Cellular Immunity.
Unit 2: Antigen-Antibody Interactions, Antigens: Types and Characteristics, Antibodies (Immunoglobulins): Structure and Classes, Antibody-Antigen Binding: Affinity, Avidity, Epitopes, Immunological Memory and Secondary Immune Response. Diagnostic Immunological Techniques, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Western Blotting: Principles and Applications, Immunofluorescence and Flow Cytometry, Immunohistochemistry: Tissue Staining. Hypersensitivity Reactions and Allergies, Types of Hypersensitivity Reactions, Type I (Immediate) to Type IV (Delayed) Hypersensitivity, Mechanisms, Mediators, and Clinical Manifestations, Allergic Diseases, Allergic Rhinitis, Asthma, Anaphylaxis. Treatment Approaches: Antihistamines, Epinephrine.
Unit 3: Immunological Disorders (Autoimmune Diseases and Immunodeficiencies), Autoimmune Diseases, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Lupus, Type 1 Diabetes, Multiple Sclerosis, Mechanisms of Autoimmunity: Loss of Tolerance, Molecular Mimicry. Immunodeficiencies, Primary (Congenital). Immunodeficiencies, Secondary (Acquired) Immunodeficiencies: HIV/AIDS. Flow Cytometry and Immunophenotyping, Advanced Principles of Flow Cytometry, Multiparameter Analysis, Compensation, and Quality Control. Immunophenotyping in Clinical Immunology, Identifying Immune Cell Populations, Subset Analysis
Unit 4: Immunotherapies and Monoclonal Antibodies, Immunotherapy Approaches, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors, Adoptive T-cell Therapy, Vaccines as Immunotherapeutic Agents. Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs), Production, Mechanisms of Action, Therapeutic Uses: Cancer Treatment, Autoimmune Diseases.
- Teacher: DBFS LMS
Unit 1: Blood Cell Morphology and Classification, Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells- Morphology, Lifespan, Functions, Anemias: Classification and Morphological Changes, Leukocytes (White Blood Cells), Granulocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes, Monocytes. Leukemias and Lymphomas: Classification and Morphological Changes. Platelets (Thrombocytes), Structure, Lifespan, Functions Disorders: Thrombocytopenia, Thrombocythemia.
Hemostasis and Coagulation Disorders, Hemostasis: Overview of the Process
- Vascular Phase, Platelet Plug Formation, Coagulation Phase, Clot Retraction, Fibrinolysis, Coagulation Factors and Pathways, Intrinsic, Extrinsic, Common Pathways. Disorders of Hemostasis, Hemophilia, Von Willebrand Disease, Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Unit 2: Hemoglobinopathies and Thalassemias, Hemoglobin Structure and Function, Normal Hemoglobin (HbA), Hemoglobin Variants, Hemoglobinopathies, Sickle Cell Disease, Hemoglobin C Disease, Thalassemias, Thalassemias, Alpha and Beta Thalassemias: Genetics and Clinical Presentation.
Flow Cytometry in Hematological Analysis, Principles of Flow Cytometry, Cell Sorting, Cell Surface Antigens, Fluorescence Detection, Applications in Hematological Analysis, Immunophenotyping of Leukemias and Lymphomas, Interpretation of Flow Cytometry Results.
Unit 3: Hematological Malignancies and Leukemia, Introduction to Hematological Malignancies, Leukemias, Lymphomas, Myelomas. Types of Leukemia, Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML), Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Classification.
Bone Marrow Examination and Interpretation, Indications for Bone Marrow Examination, Diagnosis and Staging of Hematological Disorders, Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy Procedures, Collection, Processing, Staining, Interpretation of Bone Marrow Smears and Biopsy Sections.
Unit 4: Blood Transfusion and Blood Group Systems, Basic Principles of Blood Transfusion, Blood Group Systems, ABO System, Rh System, Other Minor Blood Groups (Kell, Duffy, Kidd, etc.), Crossmatching and Compatibility Testing, Adverse Reactions to Blood Transfusion.
Donor Selection and Blood Bank Procedures
Donor Eligibility and Selection Criteria, Blood Collection, Processing, and Storage
Components of Blood and Their Clinical Use, Packed Red Cells, Platelet Concentrates, Fresh Frozen Plasma, Cryoprecipitate, Blood Bank Safety and Quality Control Screening for Transfusion-Transmissible Infections (HIV, Hepatitis, etc.).
- Teacher: DBFS LMS